142. After his migration to Madina the Prophet continued to pray in the direction of Jerusalem for between sixteen and seventeen months. Subsequently, he received the order to pray in the direction of the Ka'bah. See( verse 144 below)
143. This is the first answer to the objections of these ignorant people. Their narrow minds and limited vision led them to undue attachment to such formalities as the direction and locale of Prayer. They presumably conceived God to be confined to a particular direction. In reply to their absurd objection the first thing which was explained was that all directions belong to God. Fixing any particular direction for Prayer does not mean that God is confined to that direction. All those who have been favoured with God's true guidance rise above such limitations of outlook so that it is easy for them to grasp the universal verities of religion. (See also (nn. 115 and 116 above.)
144. This constitutes the proclamation appointing the religious community
(ummah) consisting of the followers of Muhammad to religious guidance and leadership
of the world.
' And it is thus', which precedes this proclamation, contains two allusions.
It alludes, in the first place, to that Divine Guidance which enabled the followers
of Muhammad to know the Straight Way so that they could attain progress to the
point of being proclaimed 'the community of the middle way' (or 'the mid-most
community' or 'the community justly balanced' - Ed.) In the second place there
is an allusion to the change in the direction of Prayer from Jerusalem to the
Ka'bah. People of limited intelligence could see no significance in this change
of direction although the substitution of Jerusalem by the Ka'bah amounted to
the removal of the Children of Israel from their position of world leadership
and their replacement by the ummah of Muhammad (peace be on him).
The Arabic expression which we have translated as 'the community of the middle
way' is too rich in meaning to find an adequate equivalent in any other language.
It signifies that distinguished group of people which follows the path of justice
and equity, of balance and moderation, a group which occupies a central position
among the nations of the world so that its friendship with all is based on righteousness
and justice and none receives its support in wrong and injustice.
The purpose of creating 'the community of the middle way', according to this
Qur'anic verse, is to make it stand as witness 'before all mankind and the Messenger
might be a witness before you'. What this means is that when the whole of mankind
is called to account, the Prophet, as God's representative, will stand witness
to the fact that he had communicated to the Muslims and had put into practice
the teachings postulating sound beliefs, righteous conduct and a balanced system
of life which he had received from on high. The Muslims, acting on behalf of
the Prophet after his return to the mercy of God, will he asked to bear the
same witness before the rest of mankind and to say that they had spared no effort
in either communicating to mankind what the Prophet had communicated to them,
or in exemplifying in their own lives what the Prophet had, by his own conduct,
translated into actual practice.
This position of standing witness before all mankind on behalf of God, which
has been conferred on this community, amounts to its being invested with the
leadership of all mankind. This is at once a great honour and a heavy responsibility.
For what it actually means is that just as the Prophet served as a living example
of godliness and moral rectitude, of equity and fair play before the Muslim
community, so is the Muslim community required to stand vis-à-vis the whole
world. What is expected of this community is that it should be able to make
known, both by word and deed, the meaning of godliness and righteousness, of
equity and fairplay.
Furthermore. just as the Prophet had been entrusted with the heavy responsibility
of conveying to the Muslims the guidance which he had received. in a like manner
a heavy responsibility has been laid on the Muslims to communicate this guidance
to all mankind. If the Muslims fail to establish before God that they did their
duty in conveying to mankind the guidance they had received through the Prophet
they will be taken to task seriously and their honourable position as the leaders
of the whole world, far from being of any help to them, will spell their disaster.
They will be held responsible along with the protagonists of evil for all the
errors of belief and conduct which have spread during their term of leadership.
They will have to face the grim question: What were they doing when the world
was convulsed by storms of transgression, injustice and error?
145. One purpose of this change in the direction of Prayer was to find out
who was blinkered by irrational prejudices and chained by chauvinistic attachment
to land and blood, and who, having liberated himself from those bonds, was capable
of rising to the heights and grasping the Truth.
On the one hand were the Arabs who were steeped in their national and racial
arrogance. For them, taking Jerusalem as the direction of their Prayer (as originally
practised by the Prophet) was too hard a blow to their national vanity to be
accepted with equanimity. On the other hand, the Jews were essentially no different.
They, too, were obsessed with racial pride so that it was difficult for them
to accept any other than the direction of Prayer which they had inherited from
the past. How could the people whose hearts were full of such idols respond
to the call of the Messenger of God? Hence, God saw to it that the worshippers
of such idols were distinguished from the genuine worshippers of God by first
fixing Jerusalem as the direction of Prayer. This was bound to alienate all
those who had worshipped the idol of Arabianism. Later, the fixing of the Ka'bah
as the direction of Prayer led to the alienation of those who were engrossed
in the worship of the idol of Israel. Thus there were left with the Prophet
only, those who truly worshipped none but the One True God.
146. This is the injunction concerning the change in the direction of Prayer
and was revealed in Rajab or Sha'ban. 2 A.H. According to a Tradition in the
Tabaqat of Ibn Sa'd, the Prophet was at the house of Bishr b. Bara'b. Ma'rur
where he had been invited to a meal. When the time of zuhr prayer came, the
Prophet rose to lead it. He had completed two rak'ahs and was in the third when
this verse was suddenly revealed. Soon after the revelation of this verse everybody,
following the leadership of the Prophet, turned the direction of Prayer away
from Jerusalem to the Ka'bah. A public proclamation of the new order was then
made throughout Madina and in the suburbs. Bara' b. 'Azib says that at one place
the announcement was heard by people while they were in the state of ruku' (kneeling).
On bearing this order they immediately turned their faces towards the Ka'bah.
Anas b. Malik says that the news of the announcement reached Banu Salamah the
next day while the morning Prayer was in progress. People had completed one
rak'ah when they heard the announcement about the change of direction and the
entire congregation immediately faced the new qiblah. (See Ibn Sa'd, Tabaqat,
vol. 1, pp. 241 f. - Ed.)
It ought to be noted that Jerusalem is to the north of Madina while the Ka'bah
is to the south. In order to change direction during congregational Prayer it
would have been necessary for the leader of the Prayer to walk several steps
beyond what was originally the last row of worshippers. The people in the congregation,
too, would have been forced not only to make a right about-turn but also to
walk a little to straighten their rows. We find specific mention of this in
certain Traditions.
The words, 'We see you oft turning your face to the heaven', and 'Now We are
turning your face to the direction that shall satisfy you', show clearly that
even before the revelation of this injunction the Prophet was expecting something
of this nature. He had begun to feel, with the termination of the era of Israelite
leadership, that the time had come for the central position of Jerusalem to
cease and a return to the original centre of the Abrahamic mission to commence.
The 'Holy Mosque' refers to the sanctuary invested with holiness and sanctity;
the sanctuary in the centre of which the Ka'bah is located.
To turn one's face in the direction of the Ka'bah does not mean that wherever
a man might be he should turn to the Ka'bah with absolute accuracy. It would
obviously be extremely difficult for everyone to comply with such an order.
Hence the order is to turn one's face in the direction of the Ka'bah rather
than to the Ka'bah itself. According to the Qur'an, we are required to find
out the direction of the Ka'bah as accurately as possible. We are not required,
however, to locate it with absolute precision. We may pray in the direction
which appears correct as a result of our enquiry. However, if a man is either
at a place where it is difficult to determine the direction of the Ka'bah or
if he is in a position where it is difficult to maintain the correct direction
(e.g. when travelling on a train, a boat, or an aeroplane), he may pray in the
direction which seems correct, or in whatever direction it is possible for him
to face. If he then comes to know the correct direction while he is in the state
of Prayer he should turn his face in that direction.
147. The purpose of this verse is to ask the Prophet not to be disturbed by the controversy and remonstrance to which some people had resorted as a result of this change in the direction of Prayer. It was difficult to convince those people by argument, since they suffered from prejudices and intransigence and were unwilling to abandon their traditional qiblah. It was also impossible for the matter to be resolved by adopting the qiblah of any of the contending groups; there were various groups and they were not agreed in respect of the qiblah. If the qiblah of one group had been adopted this would have satisfied only that group. As for the rest, their remonstrating would persist. Furthermore, and more basic in this connection, was the fact that as a Prophet Muhammad ought neither to be concerned to please people, nor haggle with them in order to arrive at compromised solutions. On the contrary, the mission of a Prophet is to adhere firmly, to the knowledge vouchsafed to him by God regardless of all opposition. To deviate from that knowledge to please others is tantamount to offending the prophetic mission and is inconsistent with the gratitude that the Prophet ought to feel for having been favoured with the position of world leadership.
148. 'To recognize something as well as one recognizes one's sons' is an Arabic idiom. It is used with regard to things which one knows without the least shadow of a doubt. The Jewish and Christian scholars were well aware that the Ka'bah had been constructed by Abraham and that Jerusalem had been built by Solomon some thirteen hundred years after that, and that in his time it was made the qiblah. This is an unquestionable historical fact and they knew it to be so.